4 Reading Comprehension Strategies for Your Secondary Students
Reading comprehension strategies need to be taught explicitly, and they need to be integrated with background knowledge and vocabulary. This article explains four reading comprehension strategies that build and utilize background knowledge and vocabulary that can be used with middle and high school ELA students.
Author: Larisa Merriman-Raban
Publication Date: February 2024
Publisher: Carnegie Learning
5 Practical Reading Comprehension Strategies for Secondary Students
This article provides research-based reading strategies that secondary teachers can implement to help students who struggle with reading, no matter the content area, along with a few ideas on how to implement them easily.
Author: Larissa Napolitan
Publication Date: September 2022
Publisher: Branching Minds
6 Vocabulary Strategies for Student Success
Vocabulary is one of the strongest predictors of long-term academic achievement. It's crucial to know research-based vocabulary strategies that build background knowledge and reading comprehension. This resource shares how to teach vocabulary using arts integration, which can increase student achievement by up to 20% over time.
Publication Date: June 2025
Publisher: Institute for Arts Integration and STEAM
10 Key Policies and Practices for Reading Intervention
This guide refers to how reading difficulties affect students’ academic success through the K–12 years and beyond, making a preventive approach essential. It stresses the importance to maintain intervention options throughout the K–12 grades because many students continue to struggle with reading beyond the elementary grades. Key strategies are included.
Publication Date: July 2020
Publisher: The Meadows Center for Preventing Educational Risk, University of Texas
10 Key Vocabulary Practices for All Schools
This guide provides strategic practices to support and improve academic vocabulary used with students. Academic vocabulary are words that are common across the K–12 curriculum and subject areas but less common in oral language. ¬These words may be related to words that are familiar to students or specific to subject areas such as science, social studies, and math.
Publication Date: July 2020
Publisher: The Meadows Center for Preventing Educational Risk, University of Texas
ADE Short-Term Assistive Technology (AT) Loan Library
The Arizona Department of Education and Northern Arizona University provide short-term assistive technology at no cost to school personnel in order to improve access to assistive technology. The library offers a wide variety of assistive technology devices, equipment, software, and professional development materials.
Publisher: Arizona Department of Education
Building Vocabulary: Semantic Feature Analysis
It is helpful for students to learn a new word by associating it with other related words. This article explains related words can be words students already know or new words. Semantic feature analysis is an engaging activity that can be used to make associations.
Author: Joan Sedita
Publication Date: April 2024
Publisher: Keys to Literacy
Components of Adolescent Literacy Instruction in an MTSS Model
This video summarizes the literacy instructional practices that benefit students in grades 5–12. This includes content and disciplinary literacy instruction for vocabulary, comprehension, and writing for core, Tier I instruction. It also includes supplemental instruction for basic skills for Tiers II and III intervention instruction.
Author: Joan Sedita
Publication Date: May 2021
Publisher: Keys to Literacy
Comprehension Strategies
This webpage provides several videos and supplemental materials. See an overview of each strategy, expert interviews about comprehension strategies, and how the strategies work in a classroom.
Publisher: WestEd
CSR: A Reading Comprehension Strategy
This module outlines Collaborative Strategic Reading (CSR), a strategy for helping students to improve their reading comprehension skills. Students work together in small groups to apply comprehension strategies as they read text from a content area, such as social studies or science.
Publication Date: 2022
Publisher: IRIS Center, Vanderbilt University
Differentiated Instruction: Maximizing the Learning of All Students
This module discusses the importance of differentiating three aspects of instruction: content, process or instructional methods, and product or assessment. It explores the student traits of readiness level, interest, and learning preferences that influence learning.
Publication Date: 2022
Publisher: IRIS Center Vanderbilt University
Digital Frayer Model: Supporting Vocabulary Acquisition With Technology and UDL
This article explores how an explicitly taught instructional practice that integrates an evidence-based practice with technology impacts vocabulary acquisition for students with learning disabilities. It describes an assistive digital spin on the Frayer model and examines how co-teachers can collaboratively use UDL to reduce barriers and address learner variability in a classroom setting.
Authors: Robin Dazzeo and Kavita Rao
Publication Date: June 2020
Publisher: TEACHING Exceptional Children
Digital Literacy in the Age of Misinformation
This podcast dives into the critical topic of digital literacy, unpacking the difference between misinformation (false information shared without harmful intent) and disinformation (deliberately deceptive content). We discuss practical strategies educators and learners can use to navigate today’s overwhelming information landscape.
Authors: Bryan Dean and Luis Pérez
Publication Date: June 2025
Publisher: CAST
Disciplinary Literacy: Integrating Literacy Instruction in All Subjects, Grades 6-12
This white paper focuses on disciplinary literacy and what it is, how it is different from basic reading skills and content literacy, and the role that content area teachers can play in helping students develop the literacy skills needed to support content learning.
Author: Joan Sedita
Publication Date: November 2024
Publisher: Keys to Literacy
Effective Vocabulary Instruction
This article highlights the importance of vocabulary instruction, how vocabulary instruction supports reading comprehension, and characteristics of effective vocabulary instruction.
Author: Joan Sedita
Publication Date: Updated August 2025
Publisher: ONlit.org
Enhancing Science Vocabulary Knowledge of Students With Learning Disabilities Using Explicit Instruction and Multimedia
This study investigated the use of a multimedia tool to determine its efficacy in supporting science vocabulary growth among middle-school students with high-incidence disabilities such as learning disabilities. The results demonstrated positive science assessment outcomes.
Authors: Victoria VanUitert, Michael Kennedy, John Elwood Romig, and Lindsay M. Carlisle
Publication Date: 2020
Publisher: Learning Disabilities: A Contemporary Journal
Evidence-Based Practices for Reading Comprehension
This podcast discusses the evidence supporting reading comprehension development and implications for effective instruction. It offers the components and processes of reading comprehension, research frameworks applicable for educators of students at any age, evidence-based practices to promote comprehension, and interventions for students who experience comprehension breakdowns.
Authors: Danielle Gomez and Amy Elleman
Publication Date: December 2023
Publisher: The Windward Institute
Evidence-Based Practices for Vocabulary Instruction
Vocabulary acquisition is a critical component of learning as students advance through school and engage with a range of subject-specific concepts and ideas. Content area teachers can support students’ development in vocabulary by using a cohesive set of instructional practices, such as Strategies for Reading Information and Vocabulary Effectively (STRIVE) explained in this brief.
Publication Date: 2020
Publisher: Meadows Center for Preventing Educational Risk and University of Texas at Austin
Evidence-Based Reading Instruction for Secondary Students with Reading Difficulties Within Multitiered Systems of Support
This article supports secondary special education teachers and reading interventionists who are responsible for providing high-quality instruction to students with varying degrees of reading difficulties, including students with disabilities. Evidence-based recommendations for secondary reading instruction are provided including a description for how to apply those practices across three tiers of instruction. Examples about what to teach in each tier and how to teach it are provided.
Authors: Philip Capin, Colby Hall, Elizabeth Stevens, Paul Steinle, and Christy Murray
Publication Date: August 2024
Publisher: Teach Except Child, U.S. National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine
Explicit Vocabulary Instruction Using the POSSUM Approach
This post explains the POSSUM acronym to describe six different elements of word recognition: phonology, orthography, syntax, semantics, understanding, and morphology. The POSSUM approach is a tool that educators can use to support explicit vocabulary instruction in the classroom. Engaging these six elements of word recognition during vocabulary instruction equips students to learn and retain new words.
Author: Meg Mechelke
Publication Date: May 2023
Publisher: Iowa Reading Research Center
How to Provide Meaningful Feedback: Teacher’s Guide
No matter how a teacher provides feedback—verbally or visually, to a group or one on one, publicly or subtly—the goal is the same: to improve students’ academic and behavioral outcomes. This brief describes the components and types of effective teacher feedback and provides examples, nonexamples, and tips that teachers can use in the classroom.
Authors: Blair Payne and Elizabeth Swanson
Publication Date: 2021
Publisher: Meadows Center for Preventing Educational Risk
Intensive Intervention Practice Guide: Explicit Morphology Instruction to Improve Overall Literacy Skills in Secondary Students
This guide includes information about teaching students about morphemes for the purpose of
improving students’ word recognition and spelling skills. Students need to learn the meaning of
parts of words and be able to read those parts to develop quality word recognition. Morphology Instructional Activities with examples are included.
Authors: Lauren Hennenfent, Lindy Johnson, Christina Novelli, and Erin Sharkey
Publication Date: Fall 2022
Publisher: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education Programs
Morphological Awareness: One Piece of the Literacy Pie
Identifying morphemes is a skill that helps students problem-solve words they do not know how to read and spell. This is especially important when students are reading textbooks with academic language so that they can gain the knowledge they need in the subject areas they study.
Publication Date: 2020
Publisher: International Dyslexia Association
Multimedia Text Sets: A How-To Guide
This article describes a multimedia text set as a collection of books, articles, videos, and images related to a topic of study and provides the basics on how to create classroom text sets that support content-area literacy and building background knowledge. A text set template and resources are included.
Author: Susan Thacker-Gwaltney
Publisher: Reading Rockets
Providing Reading Interventions for Students in Grades 4–9
This practice guide is designed for educators providing reading intervention or those who oversee MTSS in reading. It grounds four recommendations (multisyllabic word reading, fluency building, comprehension-building practices, and stretch texts) in high-quality evidence based on research studies focused on reading interventions. Each recommendation includes instructional practices and a short summary of the research evidence that supports the recommendation.
Authors: Sharon Vaughn, Michael J. Kieffer, Margaret McKeown, Deborah K. Reed, Michele Sanchez, Kimberly St. Martin and Jade Wexler
Publication Date: March 2022
Publisher: Institute of Education Sciences
Reading Intervention for Older Students
This webinar presents an overview of the instructional needs of students in grades 4–12 who struggle with reading. Includes a summary of reading components, causes of reading difficulty, and instructional suggestions.
Author: Joan Sedita
Publication Date: April 2021
Publisher: Keys to Literacy
Reading Science Considerations for Middle and High School Literacy Intervention
This article aims to provide instructional leaders with background on the existing research on late-emerging reading difficulties as well as assessment and instructional considerations grounded in the science of reading that are necessary to strengthen intervention frameworks at the middle and high school levels.
Author: Stephanie Petricone-Turchetta
Publication Date: September/October 2021
Publisher: The Reading League Journal
Rethinking How to Promote Reading Comprehension
This article discusses how reading comprehension is not a skill someone learns and can then apply in different reading contexts. It is one of the most complex activities that we engage in on a regular basis, and our ability to comprehend is dependent upon a wide range of knowledge and skills. It explores the idea that comprehension cannot be reduced to a single notion because it is not a single ability.
Author: Hugh Catts
Publication Date: Winter 2021-22
Publisher: American Federation of Teachers
Rethinking Literacy Instruction Through School-wide Approaches
Many middle and high school students struggle to read and understand text, making it difficult to learn content they need to succeed in school and beyond. To support students, all teachers school-wide need to provide evidence-based literacy instruction even though teachers have varying levels of skill and other competing priorities. This video explains innovative ways to support teachers as they help students understand and learn from text.
Scaffolding Comprehension Strategies Using Graphic Organizers
In this lesson collaborative strategic reading is initially presented to students through modeling and whole-class instruction. To facilitate comprehension during and after reading, students apply four reading strategies: preview, click and clunk, get the gist, and wrap-up. Graphic organizers are used for scaffolding of these strategies while students work together in cooperative groups.
Author: Susan Ruckdeschel
Publisher: International Literacy Association
Science Literacy in the Digital Age: Navigating Informational Texts and Online Resources
Science literacy is crucial for students as it equips them with the skills to critically evaluate information, understand scientific concepts, and make informed decisions in a rapidly evolving world. This webinar discusses using strategies and resources with your students that will allow them to become thoughtful consumers of information and active participants in discussions about scientific and technological issues.
Publication Date: July 2024
Publisher: Van Andel Institute for Education
Secondary Reading Instruction (Part 1): Teaching Vocabulary and Comprehension in the Content Areas
This module covers understanding the importance of effective vocabulary and effective comprehension instruction in content areas, developing effective vocabulary instruction within content learning, and enhancing student’s reading comprehension in content areas.
Publisher: IRIS Center Peabody College Vanderbilt University
Secondary Reading Instruction (Part 2): Deepening Middle School Content-Area Learning with Vocabulary and Comprehension Strategies
This module covers understanding why many middle school students struggle with content-area reading, being able to implement strategies to support multisyllabic word identification and increase vocabulary knowledge, and knowing how to help students gain a deeper understanding of content-area texts.
Publisher: IRIS Center Peabody College Vanderbilt University
Semantic Mapping to Grow Vocabulary
This post provides details for how to use Semantic Mapping which is a well-researched activity that helps students draw on background knowledge of a topic and see connections between ideas and words related to that topic. It is highly interactive and offers opportunities for rich, collaborative discussion among students.
Author: Joan Sedita
Publication Date: December 2020
Publisher: Keys to Literacy
Supporting Students in Literacy: WWC Evidence-Based Resources and Recommendations
This webinar introduces educators to evidence-based recommendations they can use to help students improve their literacy skills. Experts and educators discuss examples of how educators can apply these evidence-based practices in their classrooms and schools.
Authors: Jennifer Bacchiochi, Kevin Smith, Kim St. Martin, Stephanie Thorpe, Connie Webb, and
Nikki Zech
Publication Date: September 2022
Publisher: Institute of Education Sciences
Teacher Read-Aloud That Models Reading for Deep Understanding
This strategy guide offers the research basis, procedures, example lesson plans, and related resources for teachers to demonstrate to their students how to search for meaning and use strategies for understanding.
Author: Jan Miller Burkins
Publisher: International Literacy Association
Teaching Tuesday: Literacy in Content Area Instruction
This article discusses building foundational literacy skills to help students with formation of their self-efficacy in learning in all content areas. Topics include academic language and technology to assist with literacy across content areas.
Publication Date: October 2021
Publisher: Grand Canyon University
Teaching Vocabulary
Intentional vocabulary instruction is critical in every grade, and in every content area. This webinar covers the latest research and best practices for effective vocabulary instruction in K-12 classrooms.
Authors: Douglas Fisher and Nancy Frey
Publication Date: April 2023
Publisher: Corwin
The Science of Reading Comprehension Instruction
Drawing on research, this article identifies some key understandings about reading comprehension processes and instruction including word-reading and bridging skills, text structures and features, vocabulary and knowledge building, engagement with text, and instructional practices that kindle reading motivation.
Authors: Nell Duke, Alessandra Ward, and P. David Pearson
Publication Date: May 2021
Publisher: Wiley Publications on behalf of International Reading Association
The UDL Guidelines
This new iteration, UDL Guidelines 3.0, addresses critical barriers rooted in biases and systems of exclusion for learners with and without disabilities. These guidelines offer a set of concrete suggestions that can be applied to any discipline or domain to ensure that all learners can access and participate in meaningful, challenging learning opportunities.
Publication Date: July 2024
Publisher: CAST
The Writing Rope: A Framework for Evidence-Informed Writing Instruction
This comprehensive guide introduces the Writing Rope—a research-informed framework developed to support evidence-informed writing instruction. The article breaks down each of the five strands (critical thinking, syntax, text structure, writing craft, and transcription), offering practical strategies, sample classroom activities, and targeted support for students with learning disabilities. It also includes grade-specific recommendations for both elementary and secondary educators.
Author: Joan Sedita
Publication Date: April 2025
Publisher: Learning Disabilities Association of Ontario
Traveling Terrain: Comprehending Nonfiction Text on the Web
Strategic instruction and explicit teaching of targeted comprehension strategies can allow students to integrate skills into their current competencies, thus improving their overall reading ability. This lesson identifies three skills of identifying text features of nonfiction text in a Web format, locating specific information, and generalizing information to be taught in strategic lessons that build upon each other and allow for scaffolding of skills when necessary.
Author: Sheila Seitz
Publisher: International Literacy Association
Understanding and Responding to Writing Prompts Guide
This guide is intended to assist with better understanding four kinds of writing prompts (creative, historical essay, argumentative essay, and literary analysis) and what they require students to do. It can be used by instructors as they plan lessons to teach these skills. The information is appropriate for Grades 3–12, but some of the more complex aspects of understanding and responding to writing prompts are only appropriate for students in higher grade levels or those with better developed skills.
Authors: Deborah Reed and Shalini Jasti
Publication Date: May 2023
Publisher: Iowa Reading Research Center
Unlocking Social Studies Text How High School Teachers Can Support Students with Reading Difficulties
This article discusses embedding discipline-specific literacy instruction within social studies content can assist a variety of students, including those with reading difficulties, to build higher-level reading abilities, increase knowledge acquisition, and improve their overall content learning. Five instructional practices are outlined that can be embedded into existing instruction to further engage students in the subject matter and provide support for discipline-specific reading.
Author: Jeanne Wanzek
Publication Date: Spring 2021
Publisher: American Federation of Teachers
Using Strategies in Combination: The Jigsaw Method
In this video, the teacher uses a jigsaw method to practice comprehension strategies interactively through reading a nonfiction text connected to their current thematic unit. The students are supported with step-by-step instructions and graphic organizers and are guided in thinking, speaking, and writing in response to their reading.
Publisher: Learning Ally and Dollar General Literacy Foundation
Video Examples of the Prioritized Educator Competencies
These video resources show educator competencies in action. These competencies have the most leverage in transforming classroom practices to be personalized, and student-centered. Footage includes teachers demonstrating key techniques and strategies, experts and peers discussing practice, students reflecting on their experiences.
Publication Date: April 2021
Publisher: KnowledgeWorks Foundation
What Does it Take to Meet the Needs of Struggling Readers? Essential Practices Literacy Instruction
This webinar highlights key essential practices presented in Intensifying Literacy Instruction: Essential Practices Considerations and reflects on considerations for implementation. It focuses on ways to increase capacity to develop skilled readers and writers, identify critical dimensions for designing intervention platforms as the foundation for effective instruction, and adapt interventions to increase the instructional intensity.
Authors: Kim St. Martin and Sharon Vaughn
Publication Date: April 2021
Publisher: National Center on Intensive Intervention
What is Digital Literacy, Its Importance, and Challenges?
Digital literacy is essentially the discovery, evaluation, creation and communication of information, but there is more to it. Many experts prefer to focus on specific technology and literacy skills and do not define the term. In today’s constantly evolving technological society, Digital literacy is critical for navigating and thriving. This article will explore what digital literacy is, its importance, and challenges.
Publication Date: June 2023
Publisher: EDTechReview
What Is Disciplinary Literacy and Why Is It Important?
Teaching students to navigate literacy skills that differ by discipline is essential. This article explores disciplinary literacy, the research-proven benefits of teaching it, and how you can bring this to your classroom.
Author: Corey Humphrey
Publication Date: June 2024
Publisher: Carnegie Learning